"Property tax" doesn't mean the same tax base everywhere. Every state taxes real property (land and buildings) in some form, but states differ sharply on whether they also tax business equipment, machinery, vehicles, utility infrastructure, mineral rights, and other personal property - and several states, like Illinois and Wisconsin, have abolished all or most personal-property tax in recent decades.
This is a snapshot of what's legally taxable in each of the 50 states and D.C., not a rate comparison or a claim about how much revenue each category raises.
-
Alabama
- Residential real property
- taxable class III
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable class II
- Agricultural land
- taxable class III current use available
- Vacant land
- taxable by class
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable class II
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable class II
- Vehicles
- taxable ad valorem classes I II IV
- Utilities
- taxable class I
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable where not exempt
- Intangibles
- not taxable business intangibles
- Household personal property
- needs specific household rule
ALDOR says ownership of real and personal property is subject to ad valorem tax; business tangible property includes machinery/equipment/tools/furniture; motor vehicles have separate ad valorem assessment classes; agricultural/forest and owner-occupied single-family property are Class III.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Alaska
- Residential real property
- taxable where municipality levies
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable where municipality levies
- Agricultural land
- taxable where municipality levies
- Vacant land
- taxable where municipality levies
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable but municipality may exempt
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable but municipality may exempt
- Vehicles
- varies by municipality
- Utilities
- petroleum property separate state assessor role
- Minerals / oil & gas
- petroleum property state assessor role
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- municipality may exempt personal property
Alaska property tax is municipal, not statewide across all land. AS 29.45 allows real and personal property taxation, but municipalities may exempt some/all personal-property categories; only municipalities with taxing authority levy.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Arizona
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business personal
- Vehicles
- needs specific vehicle property tax rule
- Utilities
- taxable centrally or locally assessed by category
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable by category
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
Arizona authorizes valuation/taxation of real and personal property; business personal property statements are annual and most agricultural/commercial personal property is eligible for statutory depreciation.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Arkansas
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable
- Vehicles
- taxable or local assessment context
- Utilities
- taxable where applicable
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable where applicable
- Intangibles
- exempt
- Household personal property
- exempt noncommercial
Arkansas DFA guidance states all tangible personal property not constitutionally exempt is taxable; intangible personal property exempt; household property exempt when not held for sale/rental/commercial/professional use.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
California
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business personal
- Vehicles
- licensed vehicles generally excluded from business personal property
- Utilities
- public utilities railroads state assessed
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable possessory and mineral interests where applicable
- Intangibles
- non taxable intangible
- Household personal property
- household goods personal effects generally non taxable
BOE states all property is taxable unless exempt; business tangible personal property includes portable machinery/equipment/furniture/tools/supplies; inventories and many intangibles are exempt; utilities/railroads are state-assessed; taxable possessory interests can include mineral rights on public land.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Colorado
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable with agricultural valuation rules
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal above applicable exemption threshold
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business personal
- Vehicles
- subject to specific ownership tax not general property tax for covered vehicles
- Utilities
- public utility operating property separate rules
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable natural resource real and personal property
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- consumable low value personal property exempt
Colorado DPT materials distinguish real and personal taxable property; business/natural-resource schedules require machinery/equipment and other personal property; covered motor vehicles/trailers use specific ownership tax rather than general ad valorem property tax.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Connecticut
- Residential real property
- taxable municipal
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable municipal
- Agricultural land
- taxable subject to use and exemption rules
- Vacant land
- taxable municipal
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable municipal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable machinery subject to exemptions
- Vehicles
- taxable motor vehicle categories under current statutes
- Utilities
- taxable personal and real utility components
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
Connecticut property assessment/taxation is municipal. Current statutes require annual declarations including machinery, utility fixtures, leasehold improvements, furniture/fixtures and specified motor-vehicle categories, subject to exemptions.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Delaware
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- not subject to county or local property tax
- Machinery & equipment
- not subject to county or local property tax
- Vehicles
- not subject to county or local property tax as personal property
- Utilities
- real property components taxable personal property barred
- Minerals / oil & gas
- real property interests taxable personal property barred
- Intangibles
- not subject to county or local property tax
- Household personal property
- not subject to county or local property tax
9 Del. C. §8101 taxes real property; §8103 prohibits counties or other political subdivisions from levying any tax on tangible or intangible personal property.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
District of Columbia
- Residential real property
- taxable class 1
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable class 2
- Agricultural land
- not applicable or limited urban context
- Vacant land
- taxable class 3
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business tangible
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business tangible
- Vehicles
- needs specific vehicle rule
- Utilities
- taxable business or real property context
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific household rule
D.C. real-property classes include residential, commercial/industrial, vacant and blighted; OTR separately requires businesses to report tangible personal property annually.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Florida
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable tangible personal subject to exemption
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable tangible personal
- Vehicles
- excluded some vehicular items
- Utilities
- utility and freestanding equipment can be TPP
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific mineral rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- household goods excluded
Florida TPP includes business goods/chattels/articles of value; inventory and household goods are excluded; businesses and owners of leased/lent/rented TPP file annual returns; statutory exemption applies to qualifying TPP.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Georgia
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable current use options
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business personal
- Vehicles
- licensed motor vehicle treatment separate from business return
- Utilities
- taxable where real or personal
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable where applicable
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
Georgia says all real and personal property is taxable unless exempt. Business personal-property return covers furniture, fixtures, machinery, equipment, inventory, aircraft, boats/motors and other personal property; freeport may exempt qualifying inventory locally.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Hawaii
- Residential real property
- taxable county real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable county real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable county real property
- Vacant land
- taxable county real property
- Business tangible personal property
- no personal property tax
- Machinery & equipment
- no personal property tax
- Vehicles
- motor vehicle taxes separate county system
- Utilities
- real property tax only
- Minerals / oil & gas
- no personal property tax
- Intangibles
- no personal property tax
- Household personal property
- no personal property tax
Hawaii Constitution reserves real-property tax functions exclusively to counties; current state tax instructions expressly state Hawaii has no personal property tax. Counties administer real-property taxation.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Idaho
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable subject to exemption
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable subject to exemption
- Vehicles
- needs specific vehicle rule
- Utilities
- taxable or state assessed by category
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
Official Idaho business guidance says personal-property tax applies to depreciable business assets including machinery, equipment, office equipment and software, with the first $100,000 exempt; real estate property tax applies to real property.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Illinois
- Residential real property
- taxable real only
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real only
- Agricultural land
- taxable real only with farmland productivity valuation
- Vacant land
- taxable real only
- Business tangible personal property
- not taxed ad valorem
- Machinery & equipment
- not taxed ad valorem
- Vehicles
- not taxed as property tax
- Utilities
- real property and other non property utility taxes
- Minerals / oil & gas
- not taxed as personal property
- Intangibles
- not taxed ad valorem
- Household personal property
- not taxed ad valorem
Illinois IDOR states only real property is taxed. Personal property tax was abolished under the 1970 Constitution and fully replaced for business entities in 1979 by state-administered Personal Property Replacement Taxes distributed to local governments.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Indiana
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable real and some farm personal forms
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal subject to 2026 2m acquisition cost exemption
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable subject to exemption
- Vehicles
- registered vehicles subject excise not personal property tax
- Utilities
- state assessed public utilities and railroads
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- computer software intangible not assessable
- Household personal property
- personal effects not subject
Business tangible personal property includes income-producing equipment, billboards, foundations and other tangible assets. Inventory no longer taxed; licensed vehicles and several registered categories pay excise tax instead; 2026 exemption threshold increased to $2M acquisition cost per county.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Iowa
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- generally not ordinary local personal property tax
- Machinery & equipment
- industrial machinery and computers exempt or special valuation
- Vehicles
- vehicles registration fee system
- Utilities
- state assessed utilities and railroads
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
Iowa DOR says property tax is primarily on real property; classes are residential/agricultural/commercial/industrial plus state-assessed utilities/railroads. Computers and industrial machinery/equipment acquired after 1993 are exempt under current special valuation guidance.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Kansas
- Residential real property
- taxable 11 5 percent
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable 25 percent
- Agricultural land
- taxable use value 30 percent
- Vacant land
- vacant lots 12 percent
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable categories with major exemptions
- Machinery & equipment
- pre 2006 CIME taxable post 2006 generally exempt
- Vehicles
- taxable or fee system by vehicle class
- Utilities
- public utility real and personal 33 percent or railroad average rate
- Minerals / oil & gas
- mineral leaseholds and oil gas categories taxable
- Intangibles
- intangible separate and limited
- Household personal property
- most household personal not core business tax base
Kansas Constitution/statute classifies residential, agricultural, vacant, utility, commercial/industrial real property plus multiple personal-property subclasses including minerals, utilities, vehicles, CIME and other tangible personal property; broad exemptions apply to newer CIME, most farm machinery and inventory.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Kentucky
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable
- Vehicles
- Kentucky registered vehicles and watercraft assessed through registration process
- Utilities
- public service company property centrally assessed
- Minerals / oil & gas
- coal and other mineral property separate assessment
- Intangibles
- taxable or exempt by specific class
- Household personal property
- household goods used in home exempt
Kentucky taxes tangible business personal property including aircraft, machinery, computers, equipment, furniture, inventories, supplies and watercraft. Household goods used in the home are constitutionally exempt; registered vehicles/watercraft are handled through registration records.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Louisiana
- Residential real property
- taxable 10 percent assessment
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable 15 percent assessment
- Agricultural land
- taxable with use value rules
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable 15 percent assessment
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable personal property
- Vehicles
- licensed highway vehicles exempt from ad valorem
- Utilities
- public service property state assessed
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable real or personal where applicable
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- household goods and personal effects exempt
Louisiana official material identifies real and personal property as taxable ad valorem classes; personal property includes machinery, fixtures and furnishings. Household goods, highway-licensed vehicles and personal effects are not subject to property tax; public-service property is assessed by the Louisiana Tax Commission.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Maine
- Residential real property
- taxable municipal
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable municipal
- Agricultural land
- taxable with current use programs
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable subject to BETE BETR and other exemptions
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable subject to BETE BETR and other exemptions
- Vehicles
- needs specific vehicle rule
- Utilities
- needs specific utility rule
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- household furniture generally exempt
Maine property-tax system includes real and personal property; current relief/exemption programs include Business Equipment Tax Exemption and Business Equipment Tax Reimbursement, while household furniture and specified personal property are exempt.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Maryland
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal locally subject to rate or exemption
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business personal
- Vehicles
- needs specific vehicle rule
- Utilities
- taxable business personal and real components
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- household personal generally exempt except business use
SDAT values taxable business personal property statewide; counties/municipalities impose local taxes subject to local rates/exemptions. Business personal property includes furniture, fixtures, office/industrial equipment, machinery, tools, supplies and inventory.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Massachusetts
- Residential real property
- taxable residential
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable commercial industrial
- Agricultural land
- taxable with special farmland programs
- Vacant land
- taxable open space
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable subject to exemptions
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable subject to entity and property exemptions
- Vehicles
- vehicles subject other local excise not property tax
- Utilities
- centrally or locally valued utility property
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- intangible personal generally exempt
- Household personal property
- household principal residence generally exempt
Real property classified Residential/Open Space/Commercial/Industrial; personal property is separate levy class. DOR guidance lists machinery, tools, merchandise, furniture/equipment; motor vehicles/boats are generally subject to separate local excises rather than personal property tax.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Michigan
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal subject to exemptions
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business personal subject to exemptions
- Vehicles
- needs specific vehicle rule
- Utilities
- utility personal property and ESA rules
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
Michigan maintains a personal-property tax system with annual Personal Property Statements and exemptions including eligible manufacturing personal property; some exempt eligible manufacturing property is subject to the Essential Services Assessment.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Minnesota
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- generally exempt with specific taxable exceptions
- Machinery & equipment
- utility pipeline personal property taxable
- Vehicles
- vehicles generally other tax system
- Utilities
- centrally assessed utility pipeline personal property
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific mineral rule
- Intangibles
- generally exempt personal property
- Household personal property
- generally exempt
Minnesota property tax is predominantly real property. Personal property is generally exempt, with specified taxable exceptions including utility/pipeline systems, certain improvements/leaseholds, railroad docks/wharves, manufactured homes and flight property.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Mississippi
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable personal property
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable personal property
- Vehicles
- taxable at registration
- Utilities
- public service property assessed separately
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific mineral rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- household personal generally exempt
Mississippi DOR states all property is taxable unless exempt; personal property includes inventory, furniture/fixtures, machinery/equipment. Household personal property is generally exempt, while individuals pay property tax on motor vehicles when registering them.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Missouri
- Residential real property
- taxable 19 percent
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable 32 percent
- Agricultural land
- taxable 12 percent
- Vacant land
- taxable by real property class
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable
- Vehicles
- taxable 33 1 3 percent general or special historic rate
- Utilities
- centrally assessed for some utilities and railroads
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable mining property
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
Missouri assesses personal property annually. STC identifies vehicles, aircraft, boats, trailers, livestock, office equipment, machinery/equipment and business personal property; assessment ratios vary by category.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Montana
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business equipment
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business equipment
- Vehicles
- taxable or fee in lieu by class
- Utilities
- taxable by class or central assessment
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable mining oil gas equipment
- Intangibles
- intangible personal excluded from business equipment definition
- Household personal property
- needs specific household rule
Montana DOR says all property is taxable unless exempt. Business-equipment personal property includes agricultural implements, mining/oil-gas/manufacturing machinery, rental equipment, commercial furniture/fixtures, broadcasting equipment and other movable business property, subject to exemptions/thresholds.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Nebraska
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable depreciable tangible personal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable trade fixtures and machinery
- Vehicles
- licensed motor vehicles exempt from personal property tax
- Utilities
- railroads public service and selected air carrier property state assessed
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific mineral rule
- Intangibles
- intangibles not in depreciable tangible base
- Household personal property
- household goods personal effects exempt
Nebraska taxes depreciable tangible personal property with positive net book value. Machinery/equipment and trade fixtures are personal property; licensed vehicles, livestock and specified rental equipment are exempt; some centrally assessed property handled by Property Tax Administrator.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Nevada
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable with special valuation
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable personal property
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable personal property
- Vehicles
- needs specific vehicle property tax rule
- Utilities
- centrally assessed interstate intercounty utility property
- Minerals / oil & gas
- centrally assessed mining real and personal property
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
Nevada separately values locally assessed real/personal property and centrally assessed interstate/intercounty property. State guidance expressly covers personal-property valuation and mining personal property, including machinery/equipment and improvements.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
New Hampshire
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property with current use rules
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- no broad general business personal property tax identified
- Machinery & equipment
- utility machinery and equipment can be taxed as real estate
- Vehicles
- vehicles generally other fee tax system
- Utilities
- utility property machinery poles wires pipelines taxable as real estate and state UPT
- Minerals / oil & gas
- utility definition includes crude refined petroleum pipelines
- Intangibles
- corporate stock not taxed and no broad intangible property tax
- Household personal property
- personal property subject to specific exemptions and limited statutory cases
New Hampshire Chapter 72 broadly taxes real estate and treats electric plants, machinery, apparatus, poles, wires and pipelines as real estate. Current DRA separately administers utility property and railroad taxes. No broad ordinary business-personal-property listing system comparable to Kentucky or Texas was identified.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
New Jersey
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- very limited categories
- Machinery & equipment
- limited to specific telephone refinery categories when personal
- Vehicles
- taxable as real or other tax system by type
- Utilities
- utility real property and specific business personal categories
- Minerals / oil & gas
- refinery specific personal property category
- Intangibles
- intangible personal not taxable
- Household personal property
- ordinary personal property not generally taxed
New Jersey assessor guidance says the only tangible personal property currently taxed is specified local-exchange telephone/telegraph/messenger property and certain petroleum-refinery personal property; intangible personal property is not subject to property tax.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
New Mexico
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business personal
- Vehicles
- needs specific vehicle rule
- Utilities
- separately state assessed
- Minerals / oil & gas
- separately state assessed mineral
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
State Assessed Property Bureau annually values real and personal property in railroad, telecom, pipeline, utility, airline, electric generation, mineral, and multicounty construction; county-assessor guidance covers business personal property statewide.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
New York
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property with agricultural assessment
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- not subject to property tax
- Machinery & equipment
- not subject if personal but some equipment defined as real property
- Vehicles
- not subject to property tax as personal
- Utilities
- utility real property taxable
- Minerals / oil & gas
- mapped oil gas real property taxable
- Intangibles
- not subject to property tax
- Household personal property
- not subject to property tax
New York states all real property is taxable unless exempt and personal property is not subject to property taxation. Some machinery/equipment that other states call personal property is statutorily treated as real property.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
North Carolina
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable with use value programs
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable
- Vehicles
- registered motor vehicles taxed by registration cycle
- Utilities
- public service company property state appraised
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable where applicable
- Intangibles
- generally not in tangible personal base
- Household personal property
- personal nonbusiness subject to specific rules
NCDOR identifies real property, personal property, and motor vehicles as three main property-tax elements. Businesses must list personal property used or connected with income-producing activity, including machinery/equipment; public service company property is appraised by NCDOR.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
North Dakota
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- generally exempt
- Machinery & equipment
- attached business machinery generally personal and exempt except specific industries
- Vehicles
- motor vehicles other tax system
- Utilities
- centrally assessed or in lieu for utilities
- Minerals / oil & gas
- oil gas refinery and specific industry exceptions
- Intangibles
- personal property generally exempt
- Household personal property
- personal property generally exempt
North Dakota generally exempts personal property from property taxation, with exceptions for specified entities/industries and property taxed under other provisions. Ordinary locally assessed property tax is primarily real property.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Ohio
- Residential real property
- taxable real property 35 percent assessment
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property 35 percent assessment
- Agricultural land
- taxable CAUV
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- general business TPP zero assessment since 2009
- Machinery & equipment
- general business machinery equipment zero assessment since 2009
- Vehicles
- not general property tax
- Utilities
- public utility tangible personal taxable
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable as real or special mineral interests where applicable
- Intangibles
- general business intangibles not in property tax base
- Household personal property
- household personal not general property tax
Ohio real property remains locally taxed at 35% of true value, with CAUV for qualifying agricultural land. General business tangible personal property was phased to a zero assessment rate beginning in 2009; public-utility tangible property remains taxable under separate rules.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Oklahoma
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable personal property
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable personal property
- Vehicles
- licensed tagged vehicles excluded from business personal rendition
- Utilities
- public service property state assessed
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable oil gas processing assets except gross-production-exempt property
- Intangibles
- intangible personal exempt from ad valorem
- Household personal property
- household personal exempt
Oklahoma annually assesses taxable real and personal property. Current BPP forms include furniture/fixtures, office/computer equipment, tools, machinery/equipment, inventory and non-tagged vehicles; intangible and household personal property are excluded.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Oregon
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable real land with special use rules
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business machinery equipment
- Vehicles
- automobiles not subject to property tax
- Utilities
- large industrial and utility property state appraised
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable real or industrial property where applicable
- Intangibles
- intangible personal not taxable
- Household personal property
- household furnishings personal belongings not taxable
Oregon taxes privately owned real property, manufactured homes and business personal property. Taxable personal includes machinery/equipment/furniture; business inventories, household goods, automobiles, farm machinery and certain intangibles are exempt.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Pennsylvania
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property with clean and green or other programs
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- no broad tangible business personal property tax
- Machinery & equipment
- no broad machinery equipment property tax
- Vehicles
- not general property tax
- Utilities
- needs specific utility rule
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable real estate interests where applicable
- Intangibles
- county optional personal property tax on stocks bonds private mortgages
- Household personal property
- ordinary household personal not general property tax
Pennsylvania local property taxation is predominantly real-estate based. DCED states counties may levy a distinct personal-property tax on corporate stocks/bonds and privately held mortgages, unlike the industrial-equipment/vehicle personal-property taxes used in many other states.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Rhode Island
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property with local rules
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business tangible over 50000 exemption
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business tangible over 50000 exemption
- Vehicles
- motor vehicle excise eliminated effective 2022
- Utilities
- public service tangible personal administered statewide for local distribution
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific rule
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- ordinary household personal not business tangible tax
Rhode Island cities/towns tax business tangible personal property such as computer equipment, furniture and equipment; a statewide $50,000 exemption applies beginning tax year 2024 with state reimbursement to local governments. Annual motor-vehicle excise tax was eliminated effective 2022.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
South Carolina
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business personal
- Vehicles
- vehicles subject property tax under separate vehicle process
- Utilities
- utilities real and personal state assessed
- Minerals / oil & gas
- manufacturing mining property taxable
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific rule
SCDOR says real and personal property are subject to property tax. Business Personal Property Tax covers business furniture, fixtures and equipment; manufacturing/mining and utilities have separate state-administered assessment categories.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
South Dakota
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- personal property not taxable
- Machinery & equipment
- personal property not taxable
- Vehicles
- not property tax as personal property
- Utilities
- real property components taxable and other state tax systems
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific mineral rule
- Intangibles
- personal property not taxable
- Household personal property
- personal property not taxable
South Dakota DOR states all real property is subject to property tax and personal property is not taxable. Property tax is local and the state does not collect or spend property-tax revenue.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Tennessee
- Residential real property
- taxable real estate
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real estate
- Agricultural land
- taxable real estate
- Vacant land
- taxable real estate
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business tangible
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business tangible
- Vehicles
- vehicles business or personal subject to specific local classification rules
- Utilities
- utility property subject to state or local assessment by category
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific mineral rule
- Intangibles
- intangible not in local tangible personal base
- Household personal property
- ordinary personal not used in business generally outside business TPP base
Tennessee states county assessors appraise real estate and assess tangible personal property used or held for use in business; counties/cities set rates and collect the tax. Business tangible personal property includes equipment and other business assets under local assessment rules.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Texas
- Residential real property
- taxable local
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable local
- Agricultural land
- taxable with ag open space rules
- Vacant land
- taxable local
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business tangible subject to exemptions
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business tangible subject to exemptions
- Vehicles
- taxable categories and special inventory rules
- Utilities
- utility property taxable
- Minerals / oil & gas
- oil gas mine quarry property taxable
- Intangibles
- some intangible categories statutorily taxable or exempt
- Household personal property
- personal nonbusiness subject to exemptions
Texas has no state property tax but local property tax applies to real and tangible personal property unless exempt. Business renditions include taxable inventory, furniture/fixtures, machinery/equipment and other business property; current small-value exemption applies by taxing unit.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Utah
- Residential real property
- taxable with 45 percent primary residential exemption
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable 100 percent fmv
- Agricultural land
- taxable with greenbelt or special agricultural valuation
- Vacant land
- taxable 100 percent fmv
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable personal property subject to exemptions
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable personal property
- Vehicles
- registered categories use uniform fee otherwise ad valorem
- Utilities
- centrally assessed
- Minerals / oil & gas
- centrally assessed mines and related property
- Intangibles
- needs specific rule
- Household personal property
- needs specific household rule
Utah counties assess taxable real and personal property while the Tax Commission centrally assesses utilities, mines and railroads. Personal-property schedules include machinery/equipment, computers, furniture and heavy equipment; many registered vehicles use statewide uniform fees instead of ordinary ad valorem tax.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Vermont
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property current use available
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- locally taxable only where municipality votes to tax BPP
- Machinery & equipment
- locally taxable in some municipalities
- Vehicles
- vehicles other tax registration system
- Utilities
- communications and other utility property subject specific real or personal rules
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific mineral rule
- Intangibles
- telephone personal property tax repealed July 2026 and other intangible rules specific
- Household personal property
- ordinary household personal not general municipal BPP base
Vermont municipal grand lists may include business personal property only where locally taxed; 2024 data show 43 municipalities taxing machinery/equipment and 8 taxing inventory. Communications-property rules changed in 2026, with specified communications infrastructure moved into real-property taxation.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Virginia
- Residential real property
- taxable local real estate
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable local real estate
- Agricultural land
- taxable local with land use rules
- Vacant land
- taxable local real estate
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable local tangible personal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable local separate machinery tools class
- Vehicles
- taxable local tangible personal including personal vehicles
- Utilities
- public service property subject special state local rules
- Minerals / oil & gas
- mining machinery tools local and mineral interests real property context
- Intangibles
- intangible property segregated to state and currently generally untaxed
- Household personal property
- household personal subject to local classification exemptions
Virginia reserves tangible personal property for local taxation; current rulings confirm personal vehicles are subject to local tangible-personal-property tax. Machinery/tools used in manufacturing and similar businesses form a separate local class; intangible property is segregated for state taxation and generally carries no current state property-tax rate.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Washington
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property and business personal used in farming
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable business personal
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable business personal or real if affixed
- Vehicles
- vehicles subject to specific excise or property rules by class
- Utilities
- utility property taxable state or local assessment
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable real or personal where applicable
- Intangibles
- intangibles generally exempt
- Household personal property
- household goods personal effects exempt unless business use
Washington taxes real property and business personal property. Business personal property includes machinery, equipment, furniture, fixtures and supplies; household goods/personal effects are exempt. Machinery may be treated as real property when affixed.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
West Virginia
- Residential real property
- taxable
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable
- Agricultural land
- taxable class II or other
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable
- Vehicles
- taxable motor vehicle
- Utilities
- centrally assessed public service
- Minerals / oil & gas
- taxable natural resource property
- Intangibles
- class I intangible currently not taxed
- Household personal property
- exempt noncommercial household
WV says all real and tangible personal property is taxable with limited exceptions; county-assessed personal property includes motor vehicles; Tax Commissioner values natural-resource and industrial real/personal property.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Wisconsin
- Residential real property
- taxable real property
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable real property
- Agricultural land
- taxable real property
- Vacant land
- taxable real property
- Business tangible personal property
- exempt beginning 2024 except statutory exceptions
- Machinery & equipment
- exempt beginning 2024 except property assessed as real or specific ch76 property
- Vehicles
- not general personal property tax
- Utilities
- utility property subject to chapter 76 or real property rules
- Minerals / oil & gas
- needs specific mineral rule
- Intangibles
- personal property exempt beginning 2024
- Household personal property
- personal property exempt beginning 2024
Beginning with 2024 assessments, Wisconsin Act 12 exempts personal property, with exceptions for property assessed as real property and specified property taxed under ch. 76. State personal-property aid replaces prior local levy amounts.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
-
Wyoming
- Residential real property
- taxable 9 5 percent assessment
- Commercial / industrial real property
- taxable 9 5 percent assessment
- Agricultural land
- taxable productivity valuation
- Vacant land
- taxable
- Business tangible personal property
- taxable personal property
- Machinery & equipment
- taxable personal property
- Vehicles
- mobile machinery and vehicle categories use specific fee or tax rules
- Utilities
- public utilities state assessed
- Minerals / oil & gas
- mineral production ad valorem and severance system
- Intangibles
- intangibles generally not core ad valorem base
- Household personal property
- home furnishings exempt except furnished rental context
Wyoming county assessors value residential, commercial, industrial and personal property; the Property Tax Division centrally values public utilities, and the Mineral Tax Division values mineral production for county ad valorem taxation. Home furnishings are not taxed except when part of furnished rental property.
Source · verified 2026-09-24
How to read this
Values come directly from each state's own tax agency guidance, kept in the specific wording that guidance uses (for example, a Kansas field might read "taxable, 11.5% assessment" because Kansas classifies property by assessment ratio, not a flat yes/no). Where a state's rule needed more research than a short label can carry, the field reads "needs specific rule" rather than guessing - that's a flagged research gap, not a claim that the property type is exempt.
A few patterns worth noting: Illinois and Wisconsin have eliminated most personal-property tax (Illinois in 1979, Wisconsin beginning 2024 - see our replacement funding case studies for how they replaced that revenue). Delaware bars its counties from taxing any personal property at all. Hawaii has no personal-property tax anywhere in the state. Most other states still tax business equipment and machinery to varying degrees, while household/personal effects are almost universally exempt.
Source: Untax the Roof’s review of each state’s statutes and official revenue-department guidance. The primary sources for each state are linked in that state’s entry above. Verified 2026-09-24.